Which of the following best describes a short circuit?

A short circuit is best described as a fault that occurs between two conductors of different potential. In this scenario, a direct connection is established between the conductors, allowing current to flow through an unintended path. This results in a rapid increase in current, which can cause overheating, damage to equipment, or even fire hazards. The essential characteristic of a short circuit is the low resistance path formed, leading to excessive current flow that bypasses the intended load.

In contrast, the other choices refer to different electrical phenomena. A condition caused by an excess of load on a circuit relates to overloads, where too much current is drawn by connected devices rather than an unintended connection between conductors. A temporary increase in voltage levels pertains to voltage spikes or surges, which are not necessarily indicative of a short circuit. Finally, a device designed to limit current flow to safe levels describes protective devices such as circuit breakers or fuses, which are installed to prevent the dangerous outcomes of situations like short circuits or overloads, but do not define what a short circuit is.